## Introduction & Statement of Poincaré Conjecture

In 1904, the french Mathematician Henri Poincaré posed an epoch-making question in one of his papers, which asked:

If a three-dimensional shape is simply connected, is it homeomorphic to the three-dimensional sphere?

## Explanation

The statement can be explained by considering the analogous two-dimensional situation.

Let us think of a rubber band stretched around the spherical surface of an apple (or any other spherical body like ball) . It is easily seen that it can be shrunk to a point by moving it slowly, without tearing it and without allowing it to leave the surface. [for illustrations Watch these videos on YouTube.] On the other hand, let up take a doughnut, which is torus. The band can’t be shrunk in any way to a point without tearing it or the doughnut. It can be stated mathematically that the apple/ball is “simply connected”, while the doughnut is not.

In order to characterize the spherical surface of the apple/ball, we can imagine a two-dimensional disc lying in a three-dimensional plane with its boundary lifted up and tied to a single point in both sides of the plane.
In logical words, it can be said that all the points are identified to a single point [in apple/ball].

»It can be done if the two-dimensional disc is in a three-dimensional space, i.e., we have a two-dimensional sphere in a three-dimensional space. « Read Again.

If a two-dimensional sphere is characterized by the property of simple connectivity, a similar characteristic is valid for all closed three – dimensional objects, embedded in a four dimensional spaces, (and) which are like three-dimensional spheres.

Watch these YouTube Videos for a clear illustration:

Although analogous results were found to be true at higher dimensions (>3D), in case of three-dimensional sphere they have proved to be the hardest. That’s why the question had been viewed as extraordinarily difficult and for long, mathematicians were struggling to find an answer to it. Even Poincaré himself pondered over the problem. Of course, these led to the creation of new vistas in mathematics and many new theorems and problems related to it solved. But Poincaré Conjecture still remained unsolved. This was named as one of the Millennium Prize Problems by Clay Mathematical Institute.

At last in 2002-03, Grigori Perelman succeeded in finding a solution based on the theory of Ricci Flow.

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