Notation Reference - Notation & Typography

This chapter is a reference. Skim it now, bookmark it, and come back when you need a specific symbol. Every symbol shown here works with amsmath and amssymb loaded.

Greek Alphabet

Name: Alpha | Lower: \alpha | Output: \( \alpha \) | Upper: — | Output: \( A \) | Variant: —
Name: Beta | Lower: \beta | Output: \( \beta \) | Upper: — | Output: \( B \) | Variant: —
Name: Gamma | Lower: \gamma | Output: \( \gamma \) | Upper: \Gamma | Output: \( \Gamma \) | Variant: —
Name: Delta | Lower: \delta | Output: \( \delta \) | Upper: \Delta | Output: \( \Delta \) | Variant: —
Name: Epsilon | Lower: \epsilon | Output: \( \epsilon \) | Upper: — | Output: \( E \) | Variant: \( \varepsilon \)
Name: Zeta | Lower: \zeta | Output: \( \zeta \) | Upper: — | Output: \( Z \) | Variant: —
Name: Eta | Lower: \eta | Output: \( \eta \) | Upper: — | Output: \( H \) | Variant: —
Name: Theta | Lower: \theta | Output: \( \theta \) | Upper: \Theta | Output: \( \Theta \) | Variant: \( \vartheta \)
Name: Iota | Lower: \iota | Output: \( \iota \) | Upper: — | Output: \( I \) | Variant: —
Name: Kappa | Lower: \kappa | Output: \( \kappa \) | Upper: — | Output: \( K \) | Variant: \( \varkappa \)
Name: Lambda | Lower: \lambda | Output: \( \lambda \) | Upper: \Lambda | Output: \( \Lambda \) | Variant: —
Name: Mu | Lower: \mu | Output: \( \mu \) | Upper: — | Output: \( M \) | Variant: —
Name: Nu | Lower: \nu | Output: \( \nu \) | Upper: — | Output: \( N \) | Variant: —
Name: Xi | Lower: \xi | Output: \( \xi \) | Upper: \Xi | Output: \( \Xi \) | Variant: —
Name: Omicron | Lower: \( o \) | Output: \( o \) | Upper: — | Output: \( O \) | Variant: —
Name: Pi | Lower: \pi | Output: \( \pi \) | Upper: \Pi | Output: \( \Pi \) | Variant: \( \varpi \)
Name: Rho | Lower: \rho | Output: \( \rho \) | Upper: — | Output: \( P \) | Variant: \( \varrho \)
Name: Sigma | Lower: \sigma | Output: \( \sigma \) | Upper: \Sigma | Output: \( \Sigma \) | Variant: \( \varsigma \)
Name: Tau | Lower: \tau | Output: \( \tau \) | Upper: — | Output: \( T \) | Variant: —
Name: Upsilon | Lower: \upsilon | Output: \( \upsilon \) | Upper: \Upsilon | Output: \( \Upsilon \) | Variant: —
Name: Phi | Lower: \phi | Output: \( \phi \) | Upper: \Phi | Output: \( \Phi \) | Variant: \( \varphi \)
Name: Chi | Lower: \chi | Output: \( \chi \) | Upper: — | Output: \( X \) | Variant: —
Name: Psi | Lower: \psi | Output: \( \psi \) | Upper: \Psi | Output: \( \Psi \) | Variant: —
Name: Omega | Lower: \omega | Output: \( \omega \) | Upper: \Omega | Output: \( \Omega \) | Variant: —
Binary Operators
Command: + | Symbol: \( + \)
Command: - | Symbol: \( – \)
Command: \pm | Symbol: \( \pm \)
Command: \mp | Symbol: \( \mp \)
Command: \times | Symbol: \( \times \)
Command: \div | Symbol: \( \div \)
Command: \ast | Symbol: \( \ast \)
Command: \star | Symbol: \( \star \)
Command: \circ | Symbol: \( \circ \)
Command: \bullet | Symbol: \( \bullet \)
Command: \cap | Symbol: \( \cap \)
Command: \cup | Symbol: \( \cup \)
Command: \sqcap | Symbol: \( \sqcap \)
Command: \sqcup | Symbol: \( \sqcup \)
Command: \wedge | Symbol: \( \wedge \)
Command: \vee | Symbol: \( \vee \)
Command: \oplus | Symbol: \( \oplus \)
Command: \ominus | Symbol: \( \ominus \)
Command: \otimes | Symbol: \( \otimes \)
Command: \oslash | Symbol: \( \oslash \)
Command: \odot | Symbol: \( \odot \)
Command: \dagger | Symbol: \( \dagger \)
Command: \ddagger | Symbol: \( \ddagger \)
Command: \amalg | Symbol: \( \amalg \)
Command: \setminus | Symbol: \( \setminus \)
Command: \wr | Symbol: \( \wr \)
Command: \diamond | Symbol: \( \diamond \)
Command: \bigcirc | Symbol: \( \bigcirc \)
Command: \triangle | Symbol: \( \triangle \)
Relations
Command: = | Symbol: \( = \)
Command: \neq | Symbol: \( \neq \)
Command: < | Symbol: \( < \)
Command: > | Symbol: \( > \)
Command: \leq | Symbol: \( \leq \)
Command: \geq | Symbol: \( \geq \)
Command: \ll | Symbol: \( \ll \)
Command: \gg | Symbol: \( \gg \)
Command: \equiv | Symbol: \( \equiv \)
Command: \sim | Symbol: \( \sim \)
Command: \simeq | Symbol: \( \simeq \)
Command: \approx | Symbol: \( \approx \)
Command: \cong | Symbol: \( \cong \)
Command: \doteq | Symbol: \( \doteq \)
Command: \propto | Symbol: \( \propto \)
Command: \models | Symbol: \( \models \)
Command: \vdash | Symbol: \( \vdash \)
Command: \dashv | Symbol: \( \dashv \)
Command: \perp | Symbol: \( \perp \)
Command: \parallel | Symbol: \( \parallel \)
Command: \in | Symbol: \( \in \)
Command: \notin | Symbol: \( \notin \)
Command: \ni | Symbol: \( \ni \)
Command: \subset | Symbol: \( \subset \)
Command: \supset | Symbol: \( \supset \)
Command: \subseteq | Symbol: \( \subseteq \)
Command: \supseteq | Symbol: \( \supseteq \)
Command: \nsubseteq | Symbol: \( \nsubseteq \)
Command: \nsupseteq | Symbol: \( \nsupseteq \)
Command: \sqsubset | Symbol: \( \sqsubset \)
Command: \sqsupset | Symbol: \( \sqsupset \)
Command: \sqsubseteq | Symbol: \( \sqsubseteq \)
Command: \sqsupseteq | Symbol: \( \sqsupseteq \)
Command: \prec | Symbol: \( \prec \)
Command: \succ | Symbol: \( \succ \)
Command: \preceq | Symbol: \( \preceq \)
Command: \succeq | Symbol: \( \succeq \)
Command: \mid | Symbol: \( \mid \)
Command: \nmid | Symbol: \( \nmid \)
Arrows
Command: \leftarrow | Symbol: \( \leftarrow \)
Command: \rightarrow | Symbol: \( \rightarrow \)
Command: \leftrightarrow | Symbol: \( \leftrightarrow \)
Command: \Leftarrow | Symbol: \( \Leftarrow \)
Command: \Rightarrow | Symbol: \( \Rightarrow \)
Command: \Leftrightarrow | Symbol: \( \Leftrightarrow \)
Command: \longleftarrow | Symbol: \( \longleftarrow \)
Command: \longrightarrow | Symbol: \( \longrightarrow \)
Command: \Longleftarrow | Symbol: \( \Longleftarrow \)
Command: \Longrightarrow | Symbol: \( \Longrightarrow \)
Command: \iff | Symbol: \( \iff \)
Command: \uparrow | Symbol: \( \uparrow \)
Command: \downarrow | Symbol: \( \downarrow \)
Command: \updownarrow | Symbol: \( \updownarrow \)
Command: \Uparrow | Symbol: \( \Uparrow \)
Command: \Downarrow | Symbol: \( \Downarrow \)
Command: \Updownarrow | Symbol: \( \Updownarrow \)
Command: \mapsto | Symbol: \( \mapsto \)
Command: \longmapsto | Symbol: \( \longmapsto \)
Command: \hookrightarrow | Symbol: \( \hookrightarrow \)
Command: \hookleftarrow | Symbol: \( \hookleftarrow \)
Command: \nearrow | Symbol: \( \nearrow \)
Set Notation and Logic
Command: \mathbb{N} | Symbol: \( \mathbb{N} \) | Meaning: Natural numbers
Command: \mathbb{Z} | Symbol: \( \mathbb{Z} \) | Meaning: Integers
Command: \mathbb{Q} | Symbol: \( \mathbb{Q} \) | Meaning: Rational numbers
Command: \mathbb{R} | Symbol: \( \mathbb{R} \) | Meaning: Real numbers
Command: \mathbb{C} | Symbol: \( \mathbb{C} \) | Meaning: Complex numbers
Command: \emptyset | Symbol: \( \emptyset \) | Meaning: Empty set
Command: \varnothing | Symbol: \( \varnothing \) | Meaning: Empty set (preferred)
Command: \forall | Symbol: \( \forall \) | Meaning: For all
Command: \exists | Symbol: \( \exists \) | Meaning: There exists
Command: \nexists | Symbol: \( \nexists \) | Meaning: There does not exist
Command: \neg | Symbol: \( \neg \) | Meaning: Negation
Command: \land | Symbol: \( \land \) | Meaning: Logical and
Command: \lor | Symbol: \( \lor \) | Meaning: Logical or
Command: \implies | Symbol: \( \implies \) | Meaning: Implies
Command: \impliedby | Symbol: \( \impliedby \) | Meaning: Implied by
Command: \iff | Symbol: \( \iff \) | Meaning: If and only if
Command: \therefore | Symbol: \( \therefore \) | Meaning: Therefore
Command: \because | Symbol: \( \because \) | Meaning: Because
Calculus and Analysis
Expression: Derivative | Output: \( \frac{df}{dx} \) | Code: \frac{df}{dx}
Expression: Partial derivative | Output: \( \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \) | Code: \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}
Expression: Integral | Output: \( \int_a^b f\,dx \) | Code: \int_a^b f\,dx
Expression: Double integral | Output: \( \iint_D f\,dA \) | Code: \iint_D f\,dA
Expression: Triple integral | Output: \( \iiint_V f\,dV \) | Code: \iiint_V f\,dV
Expression: Contour integral | Output: \( \oint_C f\,dz \) | Code: \oint_C f\,dz
Expression: Nabla/gradient | Output: \( \nabla f \) | Code: \nabla f
Expression: Laplacian | Output: \( \nabla^2 f \) | Code: \nabla^2 f
Expression: Limit | Output: \( \lim_{x\to a} \) | Code: \lim_{x\to a}
Expression: Infinity | Output: \( \infty \) | Code: \infty
Expression: Sum | Output: \( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \) | Code: \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}
Expression: Product | Output: \( \prod_{k=1}^{n} \) | Code: \prod_{k=1}^{n}
Accents and Decorations
Command: \hat{a} | Output: \( \hat{a} \)
Command: \widehat{abc} | Output: \( \widehat{abc} \)
Command: \check{a} | Output: \( \check{a} \)
Command: \tilde{a} | Output: \( \tilde{a} \)
Command: \widetilde{abc} | Output: \( \widetilde{abc} \)
Command: \acute{a} | Output: \( \acute{a} \)
Command: \grave{a} | Output: \( \grave{a} \)
Command: \breve{a} | Output: \( \breve{a} \)
Command: \bar{a} | Output: \( \bar{a} \)
Command: \overline{abc} | Output: \( \overline{abc} \)
Command: \vec{a} | Output: \( \vec{a} \)
Command: \dot{a} | Output: \( \dot{a} \)
Command: \ddot{a} | Output: \( \ddot{a} \)
Command: \dddot{a} | Output: \( \dddot{a} \)
Command: \mathring{a} | Output: \( \mathring{a} \)
Delimiters
Left: ( | Symbol: \( ( \) | | Right: ) | Symbol: \( ) \)
Left: [ | Symbol: \( [ \) | | Right: ] | Symbol: \( ] \)
Left: \{ | Symbol: \( \{ \) | | Right: \} | Symbol: \( \} \)
Left: \langle | Symbol: \( \langle \) | | Right: \rangle | Symbol: \( \rangle \)
Left: \ | **Symbol:** | \( \ | **Right:** \) | Symbol: | \ | | \( \ | \)
Left: \Vert | Symbol: \( \Vert \) | | Right: \Vert | Symbol: \( \Vert \)
Left: \lfloor | Symbol: \( \lfloor \) | | Right: \rfloor | Symbol: \( \rfloor \)
Left: \lceil | Symbol: \( \lceil \) | | Right: \rceil | Symbol: \( \rceil \)
Big Operators
Command: \sum | Symbol: \( \sum \) | | Command: \prod | Symbol: \( \prod \)
Command: \coprod | Symbol: \( \coprod \) | | Command: \int | Symbol: \( \int \)
Command: \iint | Symbol: \( \iint \) | | Command: \iiint | Symbol: \( \iiint \)
Command: \oint | Symbol: \( \oint \) | | Command: \bigcup | Symbol: \( \bigcup \)
Command: \bigcap | Symbol: \( \bigcap \) | | Command: \bigsqcup | Symbol: \( \bigsqcup \)
Command: \bigvee | Symbol: \( \bigvee \) | | Command: \bigwedge | Symbol: \( \bigwedge \)
Command: \bigoplus | Symbol: \( \bigoplus \) | | Command: \bigotimes | Symbol: \( \bigotimes \)
Command: \bigodot | Symbol: \( \bigodot \) | | Command: \biguplus | Symbol: \( \biguplus \)
Math Fonts
Command: \mathrm{ABC} | Example: \( \mathrm{ABC} \) | Use: Upright Roman
Command: \mathbf{ABC} | Example: \( \mathbf{ABC} \) | Use: Bold (vectors in some fields)
Command: \mathit{ABC} | Example: \( \mathit{ABC} \) | Use: Italic (default for variables)
Command: \mathsf{ABC} | Example: \( \mathsf{ABC} \) | Use: Sans-serif
Command: \mathtt{ABC} | Example: \( \mathtt{ABC} \) | Use: Monospace/typewriter
Command: \mathbb{ABC} | Example: \( \mathbb{ABC} \) | Use: Blackboard bold (number sets)
Command: \mathcal{ABC} | Example: \( \mathcal{ABC} \) | Use: Calligraphic (operators, sheaves)
Command: \mathfrak{ABC} | Example: \( \mathfrak{ABC} \) | Use: Fraktur (Lie algebras)
Command: \mathscr{ABC} | Example: \( \mathscr{ABC} \) | Use: Script (requires mathrsfs)
Command: \boldsymbol{\alpha} | Example: \( \boldsymbol{\alpha} \) | Use: Bold Greek
Miscellaneous Symbols
Command: \aleph | Symbol: \( \aleph \)
Command: \beth | Symbol: \( \beth \)
Command: \hbar | Symbol: \( \hbar \)
Command: \ell | Symbol: \( \ell \)
Command: \wp | Symbol: \( \wp \)
Command: \Re | Symbol: \( \Re \)
Command: \Im | Symbol: \( \Im \)
Command: \partial | Symbol: \( \partial \)
Command: \infty | Symbol: \( \infty \)
Command: \angle | Symbol: \( \angle \)
Command: \triangle | Symbol: \( \triangle \)
Command: \square | Symbol: \( \square \)
Command: \surd | Symbol: \( \surd \)
Command: \nabla | Symbol: \( \nabla \)
Command: \flat | Symbol: \( \flat \)
Command: \sharp | Symbol: \( \sharp \)
Tip: If you can’t find a symbol in these tables, try the Detexify tool (https://detexify.kirelabs.org): draw the symbol with your mouse, and it tells you the LaTeX command. It’s the fastest way to find obscure symbols.

Greek Alphabet

Binary Operators

Relations

Arrows

Set Notation and Logic

Calculus and Analysis

Accents and Decorations

Delimiters

Big Operators

Math Fonts

Miscellaneous Symbols