# Study Notes

Study Notes on Math, Physics and Chemistry, and other related sciences for students in colleges and those seeking admission in graduate courses.

## Macrostates and Microstates and their relations with Thermodynamic Probability

In this article we will define what are Macrostates and Microstates in Statistical Physics with examples and illustrations. Consider some (4, say) distinguishable particles. If we wish to distribute them into two exactly similar compartments in an open box, then the priori probability for a particle of going into any one of the compartments will…

## How to change Differential Equations into Integral Equations?

This post explains the basic method of converting an integral equation into a corresponding differential equation.

## Square Integrable Functions, Norms, Trial Method in Integral Equations

Square Integrable function or quadratically integrable function $\mathfrak{L}_2$ function A function $y(x)$ is said to be square integrable or $\mathfrak{L}_2$ function on the interval $(a,b)$ if $$\displaystyle {\int_a^b} {|y(x)|}^2 dx <\infty$$ or $$\displaystyle {\int_a^b} y(x) \bar{y}(x) dx <\infty$$. For further reading, I suggest this Wikipedia page. $y(x)$ is then also called ‘regular function’. The kernel…

In this article I will explain what are Integral Equations, how those are structured and what are certain types of Integral Equations. What is an Integral Equation? An integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under one or more integration signs. Any integral calculus statement like — $y= \int_a^b \phi(x)… ## Examination Strategies : Tactics & Tips Every student or graduate knows how hard the first experience of passing exams is. Preliminary preparation starves the nervous system and the physical condition of the human body, however, the exam itself is always a stressful situation, which requires a candidate a great manifestation of mental and physical abilities. Therefore, just the knowledge of a… ## Complete Elementary Analysis of Nested radicals This is a continuation of the series of summer projects sponsored by department of science and technology, government of India. In this project work, I have worked to collect and expand what Ramanujan did with Nested Radicals and summarized all important facts into the one article. In the article, there are formulas, formulas and only… ## Real Sequences Sequence of real numbers A sequence of real numbers (or a real sequence) is defined as a function$ f: \mathbb{N} \to \mathbb{R}$, where$ \mathbb{N}$is the set of natural numbers and$ \mathbb{R}$is the set of real numbers. Thus,$ f(n)=r_n, \ n \in \mathbb{N}, \ r_n \in \mathbb{R}$is a… ## Set Theory, Functions and Real Numbers These study notes on Set Theory, Functions and Real Numbers were written by Gaurav Tiwari when he was studying as a Math undergraduate in 2012-2013. The language is sought to be simple and easy to understand. Further reading material is also provided with this article. If you have any questions, feel free to send a… ## Euler’s (Prime to) Prime Generating Equation The greatest number theorist in mathematical universe, Leonhard Euler had discovered some formulas and relations in number theory, which were based on practices and were correct to limited extent but still stun the mathematicians. The prime generating equation by Euler is a very specific binomial equation on prime numbers and yields more primes than any… ## Irrational Numbers and The Proofs of their Irrationality “Irrational numbers are those real numbers which are not rational numbers!” Def.1: Rational Number A rational number is a real number which can be expressed in the form of where$ a$and$ b$are both integers relatively prime to each other and$ b$being non-zero. Following two statements are equivalent to the… ## The Area of a Disk If you are aware of elementary facts of geometry, then you might know that the area of a disk with radius$ R$is$ \pi R^2$. The radius is actually the measure(length) of a line joining the center of disk and any point on the circumference of the disk or any other circular… ## Triangle Inequality Triangle inequality has its name on a geometrical fact that the length of one side of a triangle can never be greater than the sum of the lengths of other two sides of the triangle. If$ a$,$ b$and$ c$be the three sides of a triangle, then neither$ a\$…

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