Home » Posts tagged 'modern physics'
Tag Archives: modern physics
LAWS OF ENERGY DISTRIBUTION IN BLACK BODY RADIATION : First Part – Wein’s Laws
Image via Wikipedia
Various workers tried to explain the problem of energy distribution in black body radiation and finally the problem was successfully solved by German Physicist Max Planck. Before him, German Physicist Wilhelm Wein and British Physicist Lord Rayleigh & James Jean have tackled this problem and have given important laws. In fact, the work of there scientists paved the way for Planck to give his famous theory of radiation.
In this series of articles, I shall be discussing the various laws, special concentration on Planck’s law, concerning the black body in the brief.
This article is very first of the series & in I shall discuss briefly about Wein’s Laws. Other two useful topics will be discussed later.
Wein’s Formula & Wein’s Laws
The problem of black body radiation was first theoretically tackled by Wein in 1893. Besides giving a general formula for the energy distribution in the blackbody radiation, he gave following important and useful laws. (more…)
Raman Effect- Raman Spectroscopy- Raman Scattering
In constrast to other conventional brances of spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy deals with the scattering of light & not with its absorption.
Raman Effect
- Raman Effect: An Overview
Chandrasekhar Venkat Raman discovered in 1928 that if light of a definite frequency is passed through any substance in gaseous, liquid or solid state, the light scattered at right angles contains radiations not only of the original frequency (Rayleigh Scattering) but also of some other frequencies which are generally lower but occasionally higher than the frequency of the incident light.
The phenomenon of scattering of light by a substance when the frequencies of radiations scattered at right angles are different (generally lower and only occasionally higher) from the frequency of the incident light, is known as Raman Scattering or Raman effect.
The lines of lower frequencies as known as Stokes lines while those of higher frequencies are called anti-stokes lines.
If f is the frequency of the incident light & f’ that of a particular line in the scattered spectrum, then the difference f-f’ is known as the Raman Frequency. This frequency is independent of the frequency of the incident light. It is constant and is characteristic of the substance exposed to the incident light.
A striking feature of Raman Scattering is that Raman Frequencies are identical, within the limits of experimental error, with those obtained from rotation-vibration (infrared) spectra of the substance.
Here is a home made video explaining the Raman Scattering of Yellow light:
And here is another video guide for Raman Scattering:
Advantage of Raman Effects
- Raman Spectroscopy can be used not only for gases but also for liquids & solids for which the infrared spectra are so diffuse as to be of little quantitative value.
- Raman Effect is exhibited not only by polar molecules but also by non-polar molecules such as O2, N2, Cl2 etc.
- The rotation-vibration changes in non-polar molecules can be observed only by Raman Spectroscopy.
- The most important advantage of Raman Spectra is that it involves measurement of frequencies of scattered radiations, which are only slightly different from the frequencies of incident radiations. Thus, by appropriate choice of the incident radiations, the scattered spectral lines are brought into a convenient region of the spectrum, generally in the visible region where they are easily observed. The measurement of the corresponding infrared spectra is much more difficult.
- It uses visible or ultraviolet radiation rather than infrared radiation.
Uses
- Investigation of biological systems such as the polypeptides and the proteins in aqueous solution.
- Determination of structures of molecules.
RAMAN was awarded the 1930 Physics Nobel Prize for this.
Classical Theory of Raman Effect
The classical theory of Raman effect, also called the polarizability theory, was developed by G. Placzek in 1934. I shall discuss it briefly here. It is known from electrostatics that the electric field 
where 
where 
Thus, from Eqs. (1) & (2),
Such an oscillating dipole emits radiation of its own oscillation with a frequency
where the coordinate q describes the molecular vibration. We can also write q as:
Where 
Substituting for
Making use of the trigonometric relation ![\sin x \sin y = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (x-y) -\cos (x+y) ]](http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Csin+x+%5Csin+y+%3D+%5Cfrac%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%5B%5Ccos+%28x-y%29+-%5Ccos+%28x%2By%29+%5D+&bg=ffffff&fg=333333&s=0 "\sin x \sin y = \frac{1}{2} [\cos (x-y) -\cos (x+y) ]")
![\mu= \alpha_0 E_0 \sin 2\pi \nu t + \frac {1}{2} \frac {d\alpha}{dq} q_0 E_0 [\cos 2\pi (\nu - \nu_m) t - \cos 2\pi (\nu+\nu_m) t]](http://s0.wp.com/latex.php?latex=%5Cmu%3D+%5Calpha_0+E_0+%5Csin+2%5Cpi+%5Cnu+t+%2B+%5Cfrac+%7B1%7D%7B2%7D+%5Cfrac+%7Bd%5Calpha%7D%7Bdq%7D+q_0+E_0+%5B%5Ccos+2%5Cpi+%28%5Cnu+-+%5Cnu_m%29+t+-+%5Ccos+2%5Cpi+%28%5Cnu%2B%5Cnu_m%29+t%5D+&bg=ffffff&fg=333333&s=0 "\mu= \alpha_0 E_0 \sin 2\pi \nu t + \frac {1}{2} \frac {d\alpha}{dq} q_0 E_0 [\cos 2\pi (\nu - \nu_m) t - \cos 2\pi (\nu+\nu_m) t]")
Thus, we find that the oscillating dipole has three distinct frequency components:
1• The exciting frequency
2•
3•(2 & 3 with very small amplitudes of
. Hence, the Raman spectrum of a vibrating molecule consists of a relatively intense band at the incident frequency and two very weak bands at frequencies slightly above and below that of the intense band.
If, however, the molecular vibration does not change the polarizability of the molecule then 
Homonuclear diatomic molecules such as
which do not show IR Spectra since they don’t possess a permanent dipole moment, do show Raman spectra since their vibration is accompanied by a change in polarizability of the molecule. As a consequence of the change in polarizability, there occurs a change in the induced dipole moment at the vibrational frequency.
REFERENCE:-
Principles in Physical Chemistry
[7th edition]
Puri, Sharma & Pathania
Symmetry in Physical Laws: PART II : Conservation and inner conversion of mass-energy
Image via Wikipedia
Image © Orthodoxnet.com
What is it?
In practical, we see that if we burn a coal, it emits heat & gives ash. Scientifically, the coal (matter) is converted into heat (energy) and precipitate (matter). This is a balance conversion that matter converts into energy. Similarly, we can generate a lot of energy after nuclear fission, in which also matter is converted into energy.
In inverse, similarly, energy can also be converted into matter. Physics’ most famous equation E= mc² given by Einstein also says the same. E (energy) is directly related to m (mass).
Image © uoregon.edu
Statement of Conservation of Mass(Matter)
Matter can never be created or destroyed, but it can convert itself into several other forms of either matter or energy or both.
Statement of Conservation of Energy
Energy can never be created or destroyed, but it can convert itself to other forms of matter & energy.
Statement of Conservation of Mass-Energy
One can easily regard this as a Symmetry operation, in which Energy ↔ Matter. Usually you can say, Matter (mass) and Energy both are conserved with their inner-conversions and the total value of mass+energy is a constant, since origin of universe.
The mass and energy can never be produced or destroyed — but they can be converted into one form to other.
© Gaurav Happy Tiwari, 2011
