Study Notes

Study Notes on Math, Physics and Chemistry, and other related sciences for students in colleges and those seeking admission in graduate courses.

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'Symmetry' has a special meaning in physics. A picture is said to be symmetrical if one side is somehow the same as the other side. Precisely, a thing is symmetrical if one can subject it to a certain operation and it appears exactly the same after the operation. For example, if we look at a…

In this article we will define what are Macrostates and Microstates in Statistical Physics with examples and illustrations. Consider some (4, say) distinguishable particles. If we wish to distribute them into two exactly similar compartments in an open box, then the priori probability for a particle of going into any one of the compartments will…

In this article, I will teach you about Square Integrable Functions, Norms and the solution of Integral Equations by the trial method. Don't forget to refer: Definitions and Types of Integral Equations Square Integrable function or quadratically integrable function $\mathfrak{L}_2$ function A function $y(x)$ is said to be square integrable or $\mathfrak{L}_2$ function on the…

In this article, I will explain what Integral Equations are, how they are structured and what are certain types of Integral Equations. What is an Integral Equation? An integral equation is an equation in which an unknown function appears under one or more integration signs. Any integral calculus statement like — $ y= \int_a^b \phi(x)…

Every student or graduate knows how hard the first experience of passing exams is. Preliminary preparation starves the nervous system and the physical condition of the human body, however, the exam itself is always a stressful situation, which requires a candidate a great manifestation of mental and physical abilities. Therefore, just the knowledge of a…

This is a continuation of the series of summer projects sponsored by department of science and technology, government of India. In this project work, I have worked to collect and expand what Ramanujan did with Nested Radicals and summarized all important facts into the one article. In the article, there are formulas, formulas and only…

In this study note, I have discussed and explained about real sequences — a very important topic in Real Analysis and Calculus. I will cover the topic, definitions and examples under the following headings: Real Sequence: A sequence of real numbers A sequence of real numbers (or a real sequence) is defined as a function…

The greatest number theorist in mathematical universe, Leonhard Euler had discovered some formulas and relations in number theory, which were based on practices and were correct to limited extent but still stun the mathematicians. The prime generating equation by Euler is a very specific binomial equation on prime numbers and yields more primes than any…

"Irrational numbers are those real numbers which are not rational numbers!" Def.1: Rational Number A rational number is a real number which can be expressed in the form of where $ a$ and $ b$ are both integers relatively prime to each other and $ b$ being non-zero.Following two statements are equivalent to the definition…

If you are aware of elementary facts of geometry, then you might know that the area of a disk with radius $ R$ is $ \pi R^2$ . Premise The radius is actually the measure(length) of a line joining the center of disk and any point on the circumference of the disk or any other…

Triangle inequality has its name on a geometrical fact that the length of one side of a triangle can never be greater than the sum of the lengths of other two sides of the triangle. If $ a$ , $ b$ and $ c$ be the three sides of a triangle, then neither $ a$…