The Fear, and the Use, of Mathematics and Physics

The two areas of human inquiry that inspire the greatest terror in the hearts of students are undoubtedly mathematics and physics. You may find history or chemistry or economics difficult, but your reaction to these subjects, and more others is almost certainly not fear. On the other hand, when you encounter an equation, your first reaction is to escape to more amiable company. If you compare subjects to people, you will realize that your reaction to maths or physics is very similar to your reaction to a stern, quiet person who is famous for his wisdom but who makes you very uncomfortable indeed. When he speaks you listen dutifully, because you’ve been told his words contain a lot of meaning, but you understand almost nothing, and you end up feeling foolish and exposed; and what is worse, this person does not need to shout to make you feel this way — he just has to look at you. When you see an equation or a mathematical expression you react in the same way. Let us try to under stand that what mathematics is and why it is so difficult.

Is Universe or Are Multiverses? Introducing Andrei Linde’s Cosmological Model of Multiverse.

We term the space & beyond system of matter and energy as Universe. The word Universe demonstrates the Uniqueness of the ‘UNIVERSE’. But still we are not able to find one percent of even our solar system, hence many unsolved, unknown, mysteries are present in both, Astrophysics and the Universe.
But is our universe unique? Why should there not be many universes (…..oops now I should say them Multiverses or simply Verses.) ? Existence of Multiverse is an Unsolved problem in Physics and requires proof.

Andrei Linde‘s Concept of Multiverse

Andrei Linde at Stanford had brought forward the cosmological model of a multiverse, which he called the “self-reproducing-inflationary universe.” His theory was based upon Alan Guth‘s inflation model, and included multiple universes woven together in some kind of spacetime foam. Each universe exists in a closed volume of space and time.

Linde’s model, based on advanced principles of quantum physics, defines easy visualisation. Quite simplified, it suggests quantum fluctuations in the universe’s inflationary expansion period to have a wavelike character.

Linde theorizes that these waves can “freeze” atop one another, thus magnifying their effect.

The stacked-up quantum waves can in turn create such intense disruptions in scalar fields -the underlying fields that determine the behaviour of elementary particles- that they exceed a critical mass and start procreating new inflationary domains. The multiverse, Linde contends, is like a growing fractal, sprouting inflationary domains, with each domain spreading and cooling into a new universe.

If Linde is correct, our universe is just one of the sprouts. The theory neatly straddles two ancient ideas about the universe: that it had a definite beginning, and that it had existed forever. In Linde’s view, each particular part of the multiverse, including our part, began from a singularity somewhere in the past, but that singularity was just one of an endless series that was spawned before it and will continue after it.

From Newton to Einstein – Search for a Fundamental Frame of Reference

It was on account on Newton’s insistence as to the existence of a fundamental or absolute frame of reference, called absolute space, that the search for it was carried on. This search resulted in the discovery, or rather the invention, of that monstrosity of a medium, Luminiferous Ether, as the following brief account will show:

Maxwell clearly demonstrated, in the year 1864, the inter-relationship between electricity, magnetism and light when, from the known properties of electricity and magnetism, he formulated his celebrated theory of electromagnetic radiation and have the well known equations of electromagnetic field which bear his name and are identical with those that represent a wave phenomenon. He thus established the presence of electromagnetic waves in space, traveling with the speed of light. In other words, he proved that light is an electromagnetic wave. Continue reading

Understanding Poincaré Conjecture

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Introduction & Statement of Poincaré Conjecture

In 1904, the french Mathematician Henri Poincaré posed an epoch making question in one of his papers, which asked:

If a three-dimensional shape is simply connected, is it homeomorphic to the three dimensional sphere?

Cosmic Radiations – East West Effect -Discovery of Positron- Cosmic Ray Showers

Soon after 1900 it was shown by scientists that the air in an ionisation chamber, which was completely protected against penetration of α , β and γ rays, by surrounding it with thick lead walls, was still conductive; and it was thought that the inns causing this conductivity were produced by some rays coming from an unknown source. Continue reading

Rayleigh- Jean’s Law

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Lord Rayleigh on classical limes made an attempt to explain the energy distribution in black body radiation, which was completed by Jeans in 1900. The result obtained by then is known as Rayleigh – Jean’s Law.

Black body emits radiation of continuously variable wavelength right from zero to infinity. This radiation can be imagined as broken up into monochromatic waves. These monochromatic waves originate as a result of a different modes of vibration of the medium, which at that time was supposed to be an electromagnetic sensitive medium called ETHER According to well known result of statistical mechanics, the number of such modes of vibration lying between the wavelength range $\lambda$ and $\lambda+d\lambda$ is equal to $8\pi{\lambda}^{-4}d\lambda$ per unit volume. And also according to the theorem of equipartition of energy, the total energy of a system for each mode of vibration (or degree of freedom) is equal to $kT$ , where $k$ is the Boltzmann constant and $T$ is the temperature of the system in Kelvin. Hence the total energy of the radiation lying between the wavelength range $\lambda$ and $\lambda + d\lambda$ per unit volume is
$u_{\lambda}d\lambda$ =number of mode of vibration $\times kT$
or, $u_{\lambda}d\lambda=8\pi kT{\lambda}^{-4}d\lambda$
This is Rayleigh-Jean’s Law.

Now, the Next is The Planck Law, most Important.